Systemd

systemd

Yes, like daemons are usually written this has to be written lowercase.

What is systemd?

systemd is a replacement for the old and rusty init system of Linux. It has many new features and extends the normal init system with the ability to watch processes after the start has done, list sockets owned by processes started with systemd, adds security features like capabilities(7) and a lot more.

Maybe it will be as good as SMF (Service Management Facility) of Solaris one day :-).

Take a look with systemctl

List units

As you can see, there are hardware and software related units. <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl list-units

 UNIT                                                            LOAD   ACTIVE SUB       DESCRIPTION
 proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount                               loaded active running   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-backlight-acpi_video0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:02.0/backlight/acpi_video0
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-drm-card0-card0\x2dLVDS\x2d1-intel_backlight.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:02.0/drm
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:19.0-net-eth0.device             loaded active plugged   82579LM Gigabit Network Connection
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1a.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.4-1\x2d1.4:1.0-bluetooth-hci0-rfkill3.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1a.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.4-1\x2d1.4:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card0.device          loaded active plugged   6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Contro
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.1-0000:03:00.0-ieee80211-phy0-rfkill2.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1c.1/0000:03:00.0
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.1-0000:03:00.0-net-wlan0.device loaded active plugged   Centrino Advanced-N 6205 [Taylor Peak] (Centrino Advanced-N 62
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb2-2\x2d1-2\x2d1.4-2\x2d1.4:1.1-tty-ttyACM0.device loaded active plugged   F5521gw
 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb2-2\x2d1-2\x2d1.4-2\x2d1.4:1.3-tty-ttyACM1.device loaded active plugged   F5521gw

...

 session-c2.scope                                                loaded active running   Session c2 of user lollypop
 accounts-daemon.service                                         loaded active running   Accounts Service

● anacron.service loaded failed failed Run anacron jobs

 apparmor.service                                                loaded active exited    LSB: AppArmor initialization
 apport.service                                                  loaded active exited    LSB: automatic crash report generation

... </syntaxhighlight> In this example you can see that the anacron.service failed to start.

Display unit status

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl status anacron

● anacron.service - Run anacron jobs

  Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/anacron.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
  Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Fr 2015-08-28 09:18:13 CEST; 31min ago
 Process: 1591 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/anacron -dsq (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
Main PID: 1591 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)

Aug 28 09:18:13 lollybook systemd[1]: Started Run anacron jobs. Aug 28 09:18:13 lollybook systemd[1]: Starting Run anacron jobs... Aug 28 09:18:13 lollybook systemd[1]: anacron.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE Aug 28 09:18:13 lollybook anacron[1591]: anacron: Can't chdir to /var/spool/anacron: No such file or directory Aug 28 09:18:13 lollybook systemd[1]: Unit anacron.service entered failed state. Aug 28 09:18:13 lollybook systemd[1]: anacron.service failed. </syntaxhighlight>

Ah, deleted the anacron spool directory. ;-)

Restart units

Fix the problem and restart the service. <source lang=bash> root@lollybook:~# mkdir /var/spool/anacron root@lollybook:~# systemctl restart anacron.service root@lollybook:~# systemctl status anacron ● anacron.service - Run anacron jobs

  Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/anacron.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
  Active: active (running) since Fr 2015-08-28 09:53:49 CEST; 4s ago
Main PID: 5179 (anacron)
  CGroup: /system.slice/anacron.service
          └─5179 /usr/sbin/anacron -dsq

Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook systemd[1]: Started Run anacron jobs. Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook systemd[1]: Starting Run anacron jobs... Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook anacron[5179]: Anacron 2.3 started on 2015-08-28 Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook anacron[5179]: Will run job `cron.daily' in 5 min. Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook anacron[5179]: Will run job `cron.weekly' in 10 min. Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook anacron[5179]: Will run job `cron.monthly' in 15 min. Aug 28 09:53:49 lollybook anacron[5179]: Jobs will be executed sequentially </syntaxhighlight>

Display unit declaration

<source lang=ini>

1. systemctl cat zfs.target
2. /lib/systemd/system/zfs.target

[Unit] Description=ZFS startup target Requires=zfs-mount.service Requires=zfs-share.service Wants=zed.service

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target </syntaxhighlight>

Sockets

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl list-sockets --all

LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES /run/acpid.socket acpid.socket acpid.service /run/systemd/fsckd systemd-fsckd.socket systemd-fsckd.service /run/systemd/initctl/fifo systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service /run/systemd/journal/dev-log systemd-journald-dev-log.socket systemd-journald.service /run/systemd/journal/socket systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service /run/systemd/journal/stdout systemd-journald.socket systemd-journald.service /run/systemd/journal/syslog syslog.socket rsyslog.service /run/systemd/shutdownd systemd-shutdownd.socket systemd-shutdownd.service /run/udev/control systemd-udevd-control.socket systemd-udevd.service /run/uuidd/request uuidd.socket uuidd.service /var/run/avahi-daemon/socket avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service /var/run/cups/cups.sock cups.socket cups.service /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket dbus.socket dbus.service 127.0.0.1:631 cups.socket cups.service [::1]:631 cups.socket cups.service audit 1 systemd-journald-audit.socket systemd-journald.service kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service

17 sockets listed. </syntaxhighlight>

View dependencies

What depends on zfs.target: <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl list-dependencies --reverse zfs.target

zfs.target ● ├─basic.target ... ● └─multi-user.target ... </syntaxhighlight> And what do we need to reach the zfs.target? <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl list-dependencies --recursive zfs.target

zfs.target ● ├─zed.service ● ├─zfs-mount.service ● └─zfs-share.service </syntaxhighlight>

Get the main PID of a service

<source lang=bash> $ systemctl show --property=MainPID --value ssh.service 2026 </syntaxhighlight>

Security

Use capabilities to drop user privileges (CapabilityBoundingSet)

<source lang=ini>

1. systemctl cat systemd-networkd.service --no-pager

...

[Service] Type=notify Restart=on-failure RestartSec=0 ExecStart=/lib/systemd/systemd-networkd CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_NET_ADMIN CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE CAP_NET_BROADCAST CAP_NET_RAW CAP_SETUID CAP_SETGID CAP_SETPCAP CAP_CHOWN CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER ProtectSystem=full ProtectHome=yes WatchdogSec=1min

... </syntaxhighlight>

Now the process is started with exactly the capabilities it needs to have. Even if it starts as root all unnessesary capabilities are dropped for starting the process.

I dont want to copy the whole man page of capabilities(7) here but you can take a look to understand what this capabilities are.

BUT beware of programs which just test on UID 0!

Nailing a process to it's rights : NoNewPrivileges

Setting NoNewPrivileges=true ensures that the processtree from this level on will stuck at the UID and the privileges it has. This prohibits UID changes. No set UID binary will help the hacker to get more privileges than the user of the exploited service.

Limiting access to a socket

For example for the check_mk monitoring system: <source lang=ini>

1. systemctl edit check_mk.socket

</syntaxhighlight>

Deny from all, but the monitoring server (172.17.128.193): <source lang=ini> [Socket] IPAddressDeny=any IPAddressAllow=172.17.128.193 </syntaxhighlight>

Limiting a socket to IPv4

For example for the check_mk monitoring system: <source lang=ini>

1. systemctl edit check_mk.socket

</syntaxhighlight>

First remove old value, then set new one. <source lang=ini> [Socket] ListenStream= ListenStream=0.0.0.0:6556 </syntaxhighlight>

systemd-resolved the name resolve service

Status

<source lang=bash> $ systemd-resolve --status Global

         DNS Domain: fritz.box
         DNSSEC NTA: 10.in-addr.arpa
                     168.192.in-addr.arpa
                     corp
                     d.f.ip6.arpa
                     home
                     internal
                     intranet
                     lan
                     local
                     private
                     test

Link 3 (wlan0)

     Current Scopes: none
      LLMNR setting: yes

MulticastDNS setting: no

     DNSSEC setting: no
   DNSSEC supported: no

Link 2 (eth0)

     Current Scopes: DNS
      LLMNR setting: yes

MulticastDNS setting: no

     DNSSEC setting: no
   DNSSEC supported: no
        DNS Servers: 192.168.178.1
         DNS Domain: fritz.box

</syntaxhighlight>

Cache statistics

<source lang=bash> $ systemd-resolve --statistics DNSSEC supported by current servers: no

Transactions Current Transactions: 0

 Total Transactions: 1824

Cache

 Current Cache Size: 11
         Cache Hits: 1104
       Cache Misses: 771

DNSSEC Verdicts

             Secure: 0
           Insecure: 0
              Bogus: 0
      Indeterminate: 0

</syntaxhighlight>

Flush the cache

<source lang=bash> $ systemd-resolve --flush-caches </syntaxhighlight> Check with: <source lang=bash> $ systemd-resolve --statistics DNSSEC supported by current servers: no

Transactions Current Transactions: 0

 Total Transactions: 1809

Cache

 Current Cache Size: 0       <--- Empty
         Cache Hits: 1099
       Cache Misses: 761

DNSSEC Verdicts

             Secure: 0
           Insecure: 0
              Bogus: 0
      Indeterminate: 0

</syntaxhighlight>

systemd-timesyncd an alternative to ntp

The ntpd is a good and fat old horse for servers but clients do not necessarily need this one. Just give systemd-timesyncd a chance.

Configuration can be easily made through /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf: <source lang=ini>

1. This file is part of systemd.
3. systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
4. under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
5. the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
6. (at your option) any later version.
8. Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
9. You can change settings by editing this file.
10. Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
12. See timesyncd.conf(5) for details.

[Time] NTP=ptbtime1.ptb.de hora.cs.tu-berlin.de FallbackNTP=ntp.ubuntu.com </syntaxhighlight> The server list is a space separated list of NTP servers. FallbackNTP is a list of servers if none of the NTP list could be reached.

If you want to split them into multiple files or generate them at start you can put files with the ending .conf in /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/.

After you setup the config you can enable the timesyncd via: <source lang=bash>

1. timedatectl set-ntp true

</syntaxhighlight>

Control your success with: <source lang=bash>

1. timedatectl

     Local time: Fr 2016-07-01 09:16:24 CEST
 Universal time: Fr 2016-07-01 07:16:24 UTC
       RTC time: Fr 2016-07-01 07:16:24
      Time zone: Europe/Berlin (CEST, +0200)
Network time on: yes

NTP synchronized: yes

RTC in local TZ: no

</syntaxhighlight>

Nice it worked NTP synchronized: yes.

If not take a look with systemctl: <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl status systemd-timesyncd.service

● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization

  Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.d
          └─disable-with-time-daemon.conf
  Active: inactive (dead)

Condition: start condition failed at Fr 2016-07-01 10:49:15 CEST; 1h 43min left

    Docs: man:systemd-timesyncd.service(8)

</syntaxhighlight> Hmm... let us take a look at ntp: <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl status ntp.service

● ntp.service - LSB: Start NTP daemon

  Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/ntp; bad; vendor preset: enabled)
  Active: active (exited) since Fr 2016-07-01 10:49:19 CEST; 1h 44min left
    Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)

</syntaxhighlight>

Maybe we should uninstall or disable ntp first ;-). <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl stop ntp.service
2. systemctl disable ntp.service

</syntaxhighlight>

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl start systemd-timesyncd.service
2. systemctl status systemd-timesyncd.service

● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization

  Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.d
          └─disable-with-time-daemon.conf
  Active: active (running) since Fr 2016-07-01 09:06:10 CEST; 1s ago
    Docs: man:systemd-timesyncd.service(8)
Main PID: 12360 (systemd-timesyn)
  Status: "Synchronized to time server 192.53.103.108:123 (ptbtime1.ptb.de)."
  CGroup: /system.slice/systemd-timesyncd.service
          └─12360 /lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd

Jul 01 09:06:10 lollybook systemd[1]: Starting Network Time Synchronization... Jul 01 09:06:10 lollybook systemd[1]: Started Network Time Synchronization. Jul 01 09:06:10 lollybook systemd-timesyncd[12360]: Synchronized to time server 192.53.103.108:123 (ptbtime1.ptb.de). </syntaxhighlight> That's it!

Units

[Unit]

Define dependencies

For example the zfs.target is defined like this: <source lang=ini>

1. systemctl cat zfs.target
2. /lib/systemd/system/zfs.target

[Unit] Description=ZFS startup target Requires=zfs-mount.service Requires=zfs-share.service Wants=zed.service

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target </syntaxhighlight> This means to reach the zfs.target we want that zed.service is started if enabled and we need zfs-mount.service and zfs-share.service.

Directories

Private Tmp-Directories

Mounts a private incarnation of /tmp and /var/tmp which only lives as long as the unit is up. When the unit comes down the directories are cleared. This is done by a seperate namespace for this unit. <source lang=ini> [Unit] ... PrivateTmp=true|false ... </syntaxhighlight>

If several units should share a private tmp-directory you can use JoinsNamespaceOf=<unit1>[,<unit2>,<unit3>].

Tools

Testing around with capabilities

For example arping: <source lang=bash>

1. getcap /usr/bin/arping

/usr/bin/arping = cap_net_raw+ep </syntaxhighlight>

With this capability set we can use this as normal user: <source lang=bash> lollypop $ /usr/bin/arping -I wlan0 192.168.178.1 ARPING 192.168.178.1 from 192.168.178.31 wlan0 Unicast reply from 192.168.178.1 [24:65:11:F0:DC:A8] 1.774ms Unicast reply from 192.168.178.1 [24:65:11:F0:DC:A8] 1.658ms </syntaxhighlight>

If we remove this capability it does not work: <source lang=bash>

1. setcap cap_net_raw=-ep /usr/bin/arping

</syntaxhighlight>

<source lang=bash> lollypop $ /usr/bin/arping -I wlan0 192.168.178.1 arping: socket: Operation not permitted </syntaxhighlight>

Of course it still works as root as root has all capabilities: <source lang=bash> root@lollybook:~# /usr/bin/arping -I wlan0 192.168.178.1 ARPING 192.168.178.1 from 192.168.178.31 wlan0 Unicast reply from 192.168.178.1 [24:65:11:F0:DC:A8] 2.052ms Unicast reply from 192.168.178.1 [24:65:11:F0:DC:A8] 1.852ms Received 2 response(s) </syntaxhighlight>

So we better set this capability again: <source lang=bash>

1. setcap cap_net_raw=+ep /usr/bin/arping

</syntaxhighlight>

Logging with syslog-ng and systemd in a chroot environment

If you have a chroot environment (here I have /var/chroot) some things are a little bit tricky.

The needed logging socket in your chroot is /run/systemd/journal/dev-log

Prepare the mountpoint: <source lang=bash>

1. mkdir -p /var/chroot/run/systemd/journal
2. touch /var/chroot/run/systemd/journal/dev-log

</syntaxhighlight>

Get the name for the needed unit file

The name of a .mount-unit file has to be the mount destination path. Dashes must be escaped. To get the resulting name you can easily use systemd-escape. <source lang=bash>

1. systemd-escape -p --suffix=mount /var/chroot/run/systemd/journal/dev-log

var-chroot-run-systemd-journal-dev\x2dlog.mount </syntaxhighlight>

Create the unit file /lib/systemd/system/var-chroot-run-systemd-journal-dev\\x2dlog.mount for the mount

Remember to double escape (\\) the x2d (which is a dash -). <source lang=bash>

1. vi /lib/systemd/system/var-chroot-run-systemd-journal-dev\\x2dlog.mount

</syntaxhighlight> I want to mount it before syslog-ng and pdns-recursor are up. Put this contents in the file: <source lang=ini> [Unit] Description=Mount /run/systemd/journal/dev-log to chroot DefaultDependencies=no ConditionPathExists=/var/chroot/run/systemd/journal/dev-log ConditionCapability=CAP_SYS_ADMIN After=systemd-modules-load.service Before=pdns-recursor.service Before=syslog-ng.service

[Mount] What=/run/systemd/journal/dev-log Where=/var/chroot/run/systemd/journal/dev-log Type=none Options=bind

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target </syntaxhighlight>

Mount the socket

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl daemon-reload
2. systemctl enable var-chroot-run-systemd-journal-dev\\x2dlog.mount
3. systemctl start var-chroot-run-systemd-journal-dev\\x2dlog.mount

</syntaxhighlight> Check the success: <source lang=bash>

1. grep /var/chroot/run/systemd/journal/dev-log /proc/mounts

tmpfs /var/chroot/run/systemd/journal/dev-log tmpfs rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=101604k,mode=755 0 0 </syntaxhighlight>

Tell the journald to forward logging lines to the socket

/etc/systemd/journald.conf

<source lang=ini> [Journal] ... ForwardToSyslog=yes ... </syntaxhighlight> Restart the journal daemon: <source lang=bash>

1. systemctl restart systemd-journald.service

</syntaxhighlight>

Configure syslog-ng

/etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf

Take the log from systemd-journald socket: <source> ... source s_src {

      system();
      internal();
      unix-dgram ("/run/systemd/journal/dev-log"); 

}; ... </syntaxhighlight>

Example for powerdns recursor

/etc/syslog-ng/conf.d/destination.d/pdns.conf

<source>

1. PowerDNS authoritative server destination

destination d_pdns { file("/var/log/powerdns/pdns.log"); }; destination d_pdns_recursor { file("/var/log/powerdns/recursor.log"); }; </syntaxhighlight>

/etc/syslog-ng/conf.d/filter.d/pdns.conf

<source>

1. PowerDNS authoritative server filter

filter f_pdns { program("^pdns$"); }; filter f_pdns_recursor { program("^pdns_recursor$"); }; </syntaxhighlight>

/etc/syslog-ng/conf.d/log.d/90_pdns.conf

<source>

1. PowerDNS authoritative server default final file log

log { source(s_src); filter(f_pdns); destination(d_pdns); flags(final); }; log { source(s_src); filter(f_pdns_recursor); destination(d_pdns_recursor); flags(final); }; </syntaxhighlight>

Restart syslog-ng daemon

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl restart syslog-ng.service

</syntaxhighlight>

systemd-tmpfiles

The housekeeping of temporary directories is done by the service systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service . This service is triggered by the timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer

To use this service for PrivateTMP directories for example of apache2.service you may use a config file under /etc/tmpfiles.d/ like this example /etc/tmpfiles.d/apache-cleanup.conf :

e /tmp/systemd-private-%b-apache2.service-*/tmp - - - 6h

This will cleanup all files under /tmp/systemd-private-%b-apache2.service-*/tmp which are older than 6 hours every time the systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service runs.

The %b in the path is the actual boot-id. What ist that? An id which is generated at each boot. You can get the boot-id with: <source lang=bash>

1. journalctl --list-boots

</syntaxhighlight> The second field of the last line is the actual one, e.g.: <source lang=bash>

1. journalctl --list-boots | awk 'END {print $2}'

52ae0c2a587a47048ee76818ede269a6 </syntaxhighlight>

When will that be? Try:

<source lang="bash">

1. systemctl list-timers systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer

NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES Thu 2020-08-13 16:07:24 CEST 46min left n/a n/a systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service

1 timers listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive timers, too. </syntaxhighlight>

OK, but you probably want to run ist once an hour? OK, just rescedule the timer like this: <source lang="bash">

1. systemctl edit systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer

</syntaxhighlight> and change the interval like this

[Timer]
OnUnitActiveSec=1h

Well done...

Examples

fwupd.service behind proxy

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl edit fwupd-refresh.service

</syntaxhighlight> <source lang=ini> [Service] Environment=http_proxy="http://user:passw0rd@proxy.intern.net:8080" https_proxy="http://user:passw0rd@proxy.intern.net:8080" PassEnvironment=http_proxy https_proxy </syntaxhighlight>

Tomcat

/etc/systemd/system/tomcat-example.service

Simple service definition with some security options (ReadOnlyDirectories): <source lang=ini>

1. /etc/systemd/system/tomcat-ndr.service

[Unit] Description=Apache Tomcat Web Application Container After=syslog.target network.target remote-fs.target ConditionPathExists=/opt/tomcat/bin ConditionPathExists=/home/tomcat/bin

[Service] Type=forking User=tomcat Group=java PrivateTmp=true RuntimeDirectory=tomcat-example RuntimeDirectoryMode=0700 ReadOnlyDirectories=/etc ReadOnlyDirectories=/lib ReadOnlyDirectories=/usr EnvironmentFile=/home/tomcat/.Tomcat_init_systemd PIDFile=/run/tomcat-example/tomcat.pid ExecStart=/opt/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start ExecStop=/opt/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh stop SuccessExitStatus=0

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target </syntaxhighlight>

/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/57-tomcat-example.rules

Allow the user tomcat to start/stop the service: <source> polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {

   if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.systemd1.manage-units" &&
       action.lookup("unit") == "tomcat-example.service" &&
       subject.user == "tomcat") {
       return polkit.Result.YES;
   }

}); </syntaxhighlight>

Oracle

UNTESTED, just an example!

File this as

 /usr/lib/systemd/system/dbora@.service (SLES12)

<source lang=ini>

1. This file is part of systemd.
3. Configure instances for your oracle database versions like this
4. # systemctl enable dbora@<product>.service
5. e.g.:
6. # systemctl enable dbora@12cR1.service

[Unit] Description=Oracle Database %I After=syslog.target network.target

[Service]

1. systemd ignores PAM limits, so set any necessary limits in the service.
2. Not really a bug, but a feature.
3. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=754285

LimitMEMLOCK=infinity LimitNOFILE=65535

Type=simple RemainAfterExit=yes User=oracle Group=dba Environment="ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/%i/db" ExecStart=/opt/oracle/product/%i/db/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME >> 2>&1 & ExecStop=/opt/oracle/product/%i/db/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME 2>&1 &

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target </syntaxhighlight>

<source lang=bash>

1. systemctl daemon-reload
2. systemctl enable dbora@12cR2.service

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dbora@12cR2.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/dbora@.service. </syntaxhighlight>