Apache: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:49, 25 November 2021

Create certificate

Simple script

#!/bin/bash

BASE_SUBJECT='/C=DE/ST=Hamburg/L=Hamburg/O=MyOrg/OU=IT'
BASEDIR=/etc/apache2
DAYS=$[ 5 * 365 ]
KEY_DIR=${BASEDIR}/ssl.key
CRT_DIR=${BASEDIR}/ssl.crt

if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
  printf "usage: $0 <webserver-name> [<alias1> <alias2>...]\n"
  exit 1
fi  

CN=$1
declare -a subject_alt_names;
for i in ${*}
do
  subject_alt_names=( ${subject_alt_names[*]} "DNS:${i}")
done
echo ${subject_alt_names[*]}

SHORT=${CN%%.*}
KEY=${KEY_DIR}/${SHORT}.key
CRT=${CRT_DIR}/${SHORT}.crt

OLD_IFS=${IFS}
IFS=","
openssl req \
	-new \
	-days ${DAYS} \
	-newkey rsa:4096bits \
	-sha512 \
	-x509 \
	-nodes \
	-out ${CRT} \
	-keyout ${KEY} \
	-subj "${BASE_SUBJECT}/CN=${CN}" \
	-reqexts SAN \
	-extensions SAN \
	-config <( 
          cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
          printf "[ext]\nbasicConstraints=CA:FALSE,pathlen:0\n[SAN]\n%s\n" \
            "${subject_alt_names:+subjectAltName = ${subject_alt_names[*]}}"
         )
IFS=${OLD_IFS}
printf "Put this in your Apache config:\n\n\tSSLCertificateFile    %s\n\tSSLCertificateKeyFile %s\n\n" "${CRT}" "${KEY}"

Adjust the OpenSSL default values

Set the country, etc. to values that match your needs:

# vi /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf

Generate key

# openssl ecparam -genkey -name secp256r1 | openssl ec -aes256 -out server.de.ec-key
read EC key
using curve name prime256v1 instead of secp256r1
writing EC key
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:

If you don't need a password protected encrypted key file, you can remove the encryption like this:

# openssl ec -in server.de.ec-key -out server.de.ec-key
read EC key
Enter PEM pass phrase:
writing EC key

Issue certificate

# openssl req -new -x509 -sha256 -key server.de.ec-key -out server.de-wildcard.pem -days 1825 -nodes

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [DE]:
State or Province Name (full name) [Hamburg]:
Locality Name (eg, city) [Hamburg]:
Organization Name (eg, company) [My Site]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) [Sub]:
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:*.server.de
Email Address [ssl@server.de]:

View certificate

# openssl x509 -text -noout -in server.de-wildcard.pem
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: ... (0x...)
    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
        Issuer: C=DE, ST=Hamburg, L=Hamburg, O=My Site, OU=Sub, CN=*.server.de/emailAddress=ssl@server.de
        Validity
            Not Before: Apr 16 09:35:02 2015 GMT
            Not After : Apr 14 09:35:02 2020 GMT
        Subject: C=DE, ST=Hamburg, L=Hamburg, O=My Site, OU=Sub, CN=*.server.de/emailAddress=ssl@server.de
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
                Public-Key: (256 bit)
                pub:
                    ...
                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                ...
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:...

            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:TRUE
    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
         ...

Configuring Apache

Serving mp4 media files

If your media files are on a network filesystem like CIFS or NFS you should disable memory mapping (EnableMMAP Off) to avoid corrupted data at the client side and allow seeking inside the video.

<Directory /var/www/media-files>
        Options -Indexes

        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted

        <IfModule mod_mime>
          AddType video/mp4 .mp4
        </IfModule>
        EnableMMAP Off
</Directory>

SSL configuration

/etc/apache2/mods-available/ssl.conf

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
...
        SSLUseStapling On
        SSLStaplingCache      "shmcb:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/stapling_cache(128000)"
...
</IfModule>

<VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
    # ...
  
    SSLEngine On
    # Do this only if you are sure you have no old clients
    SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
    # If you need to support old clients use this instead
    # SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1

    SSLCompression off
    SSLHonorCipherOrder On

    # Do this only if you are sure you have no old clients
    SSLCipherSuite      HIGH:EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH:!AES256+RSA:!AES128:!ADH:!EXP:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!MEDIUM:!LOW:!NULL:!aNULL

    # If you need to support old clients use this instead
    # SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA:AES128-SHA:HIGH:!DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!CAMELLIA:!DES:!MD5:!PSK:!RC4:!SSLv2:!SSLv3


    SSLCertificateFile      /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/fullchain.pem
    SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/privkey.pem

    SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire

    # Generate DH parameters with
    # # openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam_4096.pem 4096
    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam_4096.pem"
    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters Automatic
    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1

    SetEnvIfNoCase Referer ^https://ssl\.server\.de keep_cookies
    RequestHeader unset Cookie env=!keep_cookies

    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-content-type
      Header set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff

      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-frame-clickjacking
      Header append X-FRAME-OPTIONS "SAMEORIGIN"

      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-xss-protection
      Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"

      # Strict Transport Security
      Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31556926;"

      # Public Key Pins
      Header always set Public-Key-Pins "max-age=5184000; pin-sha256=\"...\"; pin-sha256=\"...\"; includeSubDomains"
    </IfModule>

    
    <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
      RewriteEngine On

      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/http-trace HTTP Trace Method 
      RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^TRACE 
      RewriteRule .* - [F]
    </IfModule>
</VirtualHost>

SSLLabs A+ with all 100%

If you consider to take this snippet be warned. Old clients have no chance to reach the server.

<VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
  ...
  # SSL parameters
  SSLEngine On
  SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
  SSLCipherSuite  DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
  SSLHonorCipherOrder on
  SSLUseStapling on
  SSLCompression off
  SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
  SSLCertificateFile      /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/fullchain.pem
  SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/privkey.pem
  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem"
  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters Automatic
  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
  <IfModule mod_headers.c>
    # Add security and privacy related headers
    Header edit Set-Cookie ^(.*)$ $1;HttpOnly;Secure
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31556926; includeSubDomains; preload"
    Header always set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN
    Header always set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
    Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
    Header set X-Robots-Tag "none"
    SetEnv modHeadersAvailable true
  </IfModule>
  ...
</VirtualHost>

Client certificates

  #
  ## <ClientCertificate>
  #
  SSLVerifyClient none
  SSLCACertificateFile "/var/log/apache2/conf/ca.crt"
  SSLCARevocationFile  "/var/log/apache2/conf/crl.pem"
  SSLCARevocationCheck chain

  CustomLog "/var/log/apache2/logs/ssl_user.log" \
          "%t %h Serial=%{SSL_CLIENT_M_SERIAL}x User=%{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN}x \"%r\" %b"

  <Location />
    SSLVerifyClient      require
    SSLVerifyDepth       10
    SSLOptions           +FakeBasicAuth
    SSLRequireSSL
    SSLRequire       %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O}  eq "Your Organization" \
                 and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"AllowedOU1","AllowedOU2"}
  </Location>
  #
  ## </ClientCertificate>
  #

ApacheTop

Top of all sites on your host:

# ls  /var/log/apache2/*.log | xargs -n 1 echo -f | xargs apachetop

lollypop@lollybook:~/Kunden/NDR/SMS$ vi /tmp/bli lollypop@lollybook:~/Kunden/NDR/SMS$ vi /tmp/bli lollypop@lollybook:~/Kunden/NDR/SMS$ cat /tmp/bli

Create certificate

Simple script

#!/bin/bash

BASE_SUBJECT='/C=DE/ST=Hamburg/L=Hamburg/O=MyOrg/OU=IT'
BASEDIR=/etc/apache2
DAYS=$[ 5 * 365 ]
KEY_DIR=${BASEDIR}/ssl.key
CRT_DIR=${BASEDIR}/ssl.crt

if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
  printf "usage: $0 <webserver-name> [<alias1> <alias2>...]\n"
  exit 1
fi  

CN=$1
declare -a subject_alt_names;
for i in ${*}
do
  subject_alt_names=( ${subject_alt_names[*]} "DNS:${i}")
done
echo ${subject_alt_names[*]}

SHORT=${CN%%.*}
KEY=${KEY_DIR}/${SHORT}.key
CRT=${CRT_DIR}/${SHORT}.crt

OLD_IFS=${IFS}
IFS=","
openssl req \
	-new \
	-days ${DAYS} \
	-newkey rsa:4096bits \
	-sha512 \
	-x509 \
	-nodes \
	-out ${CRT} \
	-keyout ${KEY} \
	-subj "${BASE_SUBJECT}/CN=${CN}" \
	-reqexts SAN \
	-extensions SAN \
	-config <( 
          cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
          printf "[ext]\nbasicConstraints=CA:FALSE,pathlen:0\n[SAN]\n%s\n" \
            "${subject_alt_names:+subjectAltName = ${subject_alt_names[*]}}"
         )
IFS=${OLD_IFS}
printf "Put this in your Apache config:\n\n\tSSLCertificateFile    %s\n\tSSLCertificateKeyFile %s\n\n" "${CRT}" "${KEY}"

Adjust the OpenSSL default values

Set the country, etc. to values that match your needs:

# vi /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf

Generate key

# openssl ecparam -genkey -name secp256r1 | openssl ec -aes256 -out server.de.ec-key
read EC key
using curve name prime256v1 instead of secp256r1
writing EC key
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:

If you don't need a password protected encrypted key file, you can remove the encryption like this:

# openssl ec -in server.de.ec-key -out server.de.ec-key
read EC key
Enter PEM pass phrase:
writing EC key

Issue certificate

# openssl req -new -x509 -sha256 -key server.de.ec-key -out server.de-wildcard.pem -days 1825 -nodes

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [DE]:
State or Province Name (full name) [Hamburg]:
Locality Name (eg, city) [Hamburg]:
Organization Name (eg, company) [My Site]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) [Sub]:
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:*.server.de
Email Address [ssl@server.de]:

View certificate

# openssl x509 -text -noout -in server.de-wildcard.pem
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: ... (0x...)
    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
        Issuer: C=DE, ST=Hamburg, L=Hamburg, O=My Site, OU=Sub, CN=*.server.de/emailAddress=ssl@server.de
        Validity
            Not Before: Apr 16 09:35:02 2015 GMT
            Not After : Apr 14 09:35:02 2020 GMT
        Subject: C=DE, ST=Hamburg, L=Hamburg, O=My Site, OU=Sub, CN=*.server.de/emailAddress=ssl@server.de
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
                Public-Key: (256 bit)
                pub:
                    ...
                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                ...
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:...

            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:TRUE
    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
         ...

Configuring Apache

Serving mp4 media files

If your media files are on a network filesystem like CIFS or NFS you should disable memory mapping (EnableMMAP Off) to avoid corrupted data at the client side and allow seeking inside the video.

<Directory /var/www/media-files>
        Options -Indexes

        AllowOverride None
        Require all granted

        <IfModule mod_mime>
          AddType video/mp4 .mp4
        </IfModule>
        EnableMMAP Off
</Directory>

SSL configuration

/etc/apache2/mods-available/ssl.conf

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
...
        SSLUseStapling On
        SSLStaplingCache      "shmcb:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/stapling_cache(128000)"
...
</IfModule>

<VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
    # ...
  
    SSLEngine On
    # Do this only if you are sure you have no old clients
    SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
    # If you need to support old clients use this instead
    # SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1

    SSLCompression off
    SSLHonorCipherOrder On

    # Do this only if you are sure you have no old clients
    SSLCipherSuite      HIGH:EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH:!AES256+RSA:!AES128:!ADH:!EXP:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!MEDIUM:!LOW:!NULL:!aNULL

    # If you need to support old clients use this instead
    # SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA:AES128-SHA:HIGH:!DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!CAMELLIA:!DES:!MD5:!PSK:!RC4:!SSLv2:!SSLv3


    SSLCertificateFile      /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/fullchain.pem
    SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/privkey.pem

    SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire

    # Generate DH parameters with
    # # openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam_4096.pem 4096
    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam_4096.pem"
    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters Automatic
    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1

    SetEnvIfNoCase Referer ^https://ssl\.server\.de keep_cookies
    RequestHeader unset Cookie env=!keep_cookies

    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-content-type
      Header set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff

      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-frame-clickjacking
      Header append X-FRAME-OPTIONS "SAMEORIGIN"

      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-xss-protection
      Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"

      # Strict Transport Security
      Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31556926;"

      # Public Key Pins
      Header always set Public-Key-Pins "max-age=5184000; pin-sha256=\"...\"; pin-sha256=\"...\"; includeSubDomains"
    </IfModule>

    
    <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
      RewriteEngine On

      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/http-trace HTTP Trace Method 
      RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^TRACE 
      RewriteRule .* - [F]
    </IfModule>
</VirtualHost>

SSLLabs A+ with all 100%

If you consider to take this snippet be warned. Old clients have no chance to reach the server.

<VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
  ...
  # SSL parameters
  SSLEngine On
  SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
  SSLCipherSuite  DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
  SSLHonorCipherOrder on
  SSLUseStapling on
  SSLCompression off
  SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
  SSLCertificateFile      /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/fullchain.pem
  SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/privkey.pem
  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem"
  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters Automatic
  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
  <IfModule mod_headers.c>
    # Add security and privacy related headers
    Header edit Set-Cookie ^(.*)$ $1;HttpOnly;Secure
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31556926; includeSubDomains; preload"
    Header always set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN
    Header always set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
    Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
    Header set X-Robots-Tag "none"
    SetEnv modHeadersAvailable true
  </IfModule>
  ...
</VirtualHost>

Client certificates

  #
  ## <ClientCertificate>
  #
  SSLVerifyClient none
  SSLCACertificateFile "/var/log/apache2/conf/ca.crt"
  SSLCARevocationFile  "/var/log/apache2/conf/crl.pem"
  SSLCARevocationCheck chain

  CustomLog "/var/log/apache2/logs/ssl_user.log" \
          "%t %h Serial=%{SSL_CLIENT_M_SERIAL}x User=%{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN}x \"%r\" %b"

  <Location />
    SSLVerifyClient      require
    SSLVerifyDepth       10
    SSLOptions           +FakeBasicAuth
    SSLRequireSSL
    SSLRequire       %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O}  eq "Your Organization" \
                 and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"AllowedOU1","AllowedOU2"}
  </Location>
  #
  ## </ClientCertificate>
  #

ApacheTop

Top of all sites on your host:

# ls  /var/log/apache2/*.log | xargs -n 1 echo -f | xargs apachetop

Apache: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:49, 25 November 2021

Contents

Create certificate

Simple script

Adjust the OpenSSL default values

Generate key

Issue certificate

View certificate

Configuring Apache

Serving mp4 media files

SSL configuration

SSLLabs A+ with all 100%

Client certificates

ApacheTop

Create certificate

Simple script

Adjust the OpenSSL default values

Generate key

Issue certificate

View certificate

Configuring Apache

Serving mp4 media files

SSL configuration

SSLLabs A+ with all 100%

Client certificates

ApacheTop

Navigation menu

Page actions

Page actions

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Tools

Categories

@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 === Serving mp4 media files ===
 If your media files are on a network filesystem like CIFS or NFS you should disable memory mapping (EnableMMAP Off) to avoid corrupted data at the client side and allow seeking inside the video.
-<source lang=Apache config files>
+<source lang=apache>
 <Directory /var/www/media-files>
          Options -Indexes
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 === SSL configuration ===
 /etc/apache2/mods-available/ssl.conf
-<source lang=Apache config files>
+<source lang=apache>
 <IfModule mod_ssl.c>
 ...
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 </source>
-<source lang=Apache config files>
+<source lang=apache>
 <VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
      # ...
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 ===SSLLabs A+ with all 100%===
 '''If you consider to take this snippet be warned. Old clients have no chance to reach the server.'''
-<source lang=Apache config files>
+<source lang=apache>
 <VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
    ...
@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 ==Client certificates==
-<source lang=Apache config files>
+<source lang=apache>
    #
    ## <ClientCertificate>
@@ Line 284: / Line 284: @@
 # ls  /var/log/apache2/*.log | xargs -n 1 echo -f | xargs apachetop
 </source>
+lollypop@lollybook:~/Kunden/NDR/SMS$ vi /tmp/bli
+lollypop@lollybook:~/Kunden/NDR/SMS$ vi /tmp/bli
+lollypop@lollybook:~/Kunden/NDR/SMS$ cat /tmp/bli
+[[Category:Webserver]]
+== Create certificate ==
+===Simple script===
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+#!/bin/bash
+BASE_SUBJECT='/C=DE/ST=Hamburg/L=Hamburg/O=MyOrg/OU=IT'
+BASEDIR=/etc/apache2
+DAYS=$[ 5 * 365 ]
+KEY_DIR=${BASEDIR}/ssl.key
+CRT_DIR=${BASEDIR}/ssl.crt
+if [ $# -eq 0 ]
+then
+  printf "usage: $0 <webserver-name> [<alias1> <alias2>...]\n"
+  exit 1
+fi
+CN=$1
+declare -a subject_alt_names;
+for i in ${*}
+do
+  subject_alt_names=( ${subject_alt_names[*]} "DNS:${i}")
+done
+echo ${subject_alt_names[*]}
+SHORT=${CN%%.*}
+KEY=${KEY_DIR}/${SHORT}.key
+CRT=${CRT_DIR}/${SHORT}.crt
+OLD_IFS=${IFS}
+IFS=","
+openssl req \
+	-new \
+	-days ${DAYS} \
+	-newkey rsa:4096bits \
+	-sha512 \
+	-x509 \
+	-nodes \
+	-out ${CRT} \
+	-keyout ${KEY} \
+	-subj "${BASE_SUBJECT}/CN=${CN}" \
+	-reqexts SAN \
+	-extensions SAN \
+	-config <(
+          cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
+          printf "[ext]\nbasicConstraints=CA:FALSE,pathlen:0\n[SAN]\n%s\n" \
+            "${subject_alt_names:+subjectAltName = ${subject_alt_names[*]}}"
+         )
+IFS=${OLD_IFS}
+printf "Put this in your Apache config:\n\n\tSSLCertificateFile    %s\n\tSSLCertificateKeyFile %s\n\n" "${CRT}" "${KEY}"
+</syntaxhighlight>
+===Adjust the OpenSSL default values===
+Set the country, etc. to values that match your needs:
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+# vi /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
+</syntaxhighlight>
+===Generate key===
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+# openssl ecparam -genkey -name secp256r1 | openssl ec -aes256 -out server.de.ec-key
+read EC key
+using curve name prime256v1 instead of secp256r1
+writing EC key
+Enter PEM pass phrase:
+Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
+</syntaxhighlight>
+If you don't need a password protected encrypted key file, you can remove the encryption like this:
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+# openssl ec -in server.de.ec-key -out server.de.ec-key
+read EC key
+Enter PEM pass phrase:
+writing EC key
+</syntaxhighlight>
+===Issue certificate===
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+# openssl req -new -x509 -sha256 -key server.de.ec-key -out server.de-wildcard.pem -days 1825 -nodes
+You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
+into your certificate request.
+What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
+There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
+For some fields there will be a default value,
+If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
+-----
+Country Name (2 letter code) [DE]:
+State or Province Name (full name) [Hamburg]:
+Locality Name (eg, city) [Hamburg]:
+Organization Name (eg, company) [My Site]:
+Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) [Sub]:
+Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:*.server.de
+Email Address [ssl@server.de]:
+</syntaxhighlight>
+===View certificate===
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+# openssl x509 -text -noout -in server.de-wildcard.pem
+Certificate:
+    Data:
+        Version: 3 (0x2)
+        Serial Number: ... (0x...)
+    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
+        Issuer: C=DE, ST=Hamburg, L=Hamburg, O=My Site, OU=Sub, CN=*.server.de/emailAddress=ssl@server.de
+        Validity
+            Not Before: Apr 16 09:35:02 2015 GMT
+            Not After : Apr 14 09:35:02 2020 GMT
+        Subject: C=DE, ST=Hamburg, L=Hamburg, O=My Site, OU=Sub, CN=*.server.de/emailAddress=ssl@server.de
+        Subject Public Key Info:
+            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
+                Public-Key: (256 bit)
+                pub:
+                    ...
+                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
+        X509v3 extensions:
+            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
+                ...
+            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
+                keyid:...
+            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
+                CA:TRUE
+    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
+         ...
+</syntaxhighlight>
+==Configuring Apache==
+=== Serving mp4 media files ===
+If your media files are on a network filesystem like CIFS or NFS you should disable memory mapping (EnableMMAP Off) to avoid corrupted data at the client side and allow seeking inside the video.
+<syntaxhighlight lang=apache>
+<Directory /var/www/media-files>
+        Options -Indexes
+        AllowOverride None
+        Require all granted
+        <IfModule mod_mime>
+          AddType video/mp4 .mp4
+        </IfModule>
+        EnableMMAP Off
+</Directory>
+</syntaxhighlight>
+=== SSL configuration ===
+/etc/apache2/mods-available/ssl.conf
+<syntaxhighlight lang=apache>
+<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
+...
+        SSLUseStapling On
+        SSLStaplingCache      "shmcb:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/stapling_cache(128000)"
+...
+</IfModule>
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang=apache>
+<VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
+    # ...
+    SSLEngine On
+    # Do this only if you are sure you have no old clients
+    SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
+    # If you need to support old clients use this instead
+    # SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1
+    SSLCompression off
+    SSLHonorCipherOrder On
+    # Do this only if you are sure you have no old clients
+    SSLCipherSuite      HIGH:EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH:!AES256+RSA:!AES128:!ADH:!EXP:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!MEDIUM:!LOW:!NULL:!aNULL
+    # If you need to support old clients use this instead
+    # SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA:AES128-SHA:HIGH:!DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!CAMELLIA:!DES:!MD5:!PSK:!RC4:!SSLv2:!SSLv3
+    SSLCertificateFile      /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/fullchain.pem
+    SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/privkey.pem
+    SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
+    # Generate DH parameters with
+    # # openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam_4096.pem 4096
+    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam_4096.pem"
+    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters Automatic
+    SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
+    SetEnvIfNoCase Referer ^https://ssl\.server\.de keep_cookies
+    RequestHeader unset Cookie env=!keep_cookies
+    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
+      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-content-type
+      Header set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
+      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-frame-clickjacking
+      Header append X-FRAME-OPTIONS "SAMEORIGIN"
+      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/headers-x-xss-protection
+      Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
+      # Strict Transport Security
+      Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31556926;"
+      # Public Key Pins
+      Header always set Public-Key-Pins "max-age=5184000; pin-sha256=\"...\"; pin-sha256=\"...\"; includeSubDomains"
+    </IfModule>
+    <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
+      RewriteEngine On
+      # https://kb.sucuri.net/warnings/hardening/http-trace HTTP Trace Method
+      RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^TRACE
+      RewriteRule .* - [F]
+    </IfModule>
+</VirtualHost>
+</syntaxhighlight>
+===SSLLabs A+ with all 100%===
+'''If you consider to take this snippet be warned. Old clients have no chance to reach the server.'''
+<syntaxhighlight lang=apache>
+<VirtualHost ssl.server.de:443>
+  ...
+  # SSL parameters
+  SSLEngine On
+  SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1
+  SSLCipherSuite  DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
+  SSLHonorCipherOrder on
+  SSLUseStapling on
+  SSLCompression off
+  SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
+  SSLCertificateFile      /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/fullchain.pem
+  SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/letsencrypt/live/ssl.server.de/privkey.pem
+  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem"
+  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters Automatic
+  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
+  <IfModule mod_headers.c>
+    # Add security and privacy related headers
+    Header edit Set-Cookie ^(.*)$ $1;HttpOnly;Secure
+    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31556926; includeSubDomains; preload"
+    Header always set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN
+    Header always set X-Content-Type-Options nosniff
+    Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
+    Header set X-Robots-Tag "none"
+    SetEnv modHeadersAvailable true
+  </IfModule>
+  ...
+</VirtualHost>
+</syntaxhighlight>
+==Client certificates==
+<syntaxhighlight lang=apache>
+  #
+  ## <ClientCertificate>
+  #
+  SSLVerifyClient none
+  SSLCACertificateFile "/var/log/apache2/conf/ca.crt"
+  SSLCARevocationFile  "/var/log/apache2/conf/crl.pem"
+  SSLCARevocationCheck chain
+  CustomLog "/var/log/apache2/logs/ssl_user.log" \
+          "%t %h Serial=%{SSL_CLIENT_M_SERIAL}x User=%{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN}x \"%r\" %b"
+  <Location />
+    SSLVerifyClient      require
+    SSLVerifyDepth       10
+    SSLOptions           +FakeBasicAuth
+    SSLRequireSSL
+    SSLRequire       %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O}  eq "Your Organization" \
+                 and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"AllowedOU1","AllowedOU2"}
+  </Location>
+  #
+  ## </ClientCertificate>
+  #
+</syntaxhighlight>
+==ApacheTop==
+Top of all sites on your host:
+<syntaxhighlight lang=bash>
+# ls  /var/log/apache2/*.log | xargs -n 1 echo -f | xargs apachetop
+</syntaxhighlight>